Post-larval Colossoma macropomum (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae) show better performance in excavated than concrete tanks under different feeding strategies

As the global human population increases, the demand for food grows and, consequently, practices such as aquaculture have become more common. Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) is a native Amazonian species, considered to be the second most cultivated fish in the country. We compared the development of post-larval C. macropomum of different ages, submitted to combinations of food management on a commercial production scale. Two experiments tested the delivery of i) 55% crude protein feeding, ii) natural feeding by fertilizing the water and iii) a combination of both during hatchery in concrete tanks (10 m 2) or excavated soil-bottom tanks (4502) subjected to distinct fertilization protocols and storage densities. The weight and length of the post-larvae grown in ponds were greater (p < 2.0x10-16) for the mixed treatment, except during the first week of larvae, in which values were similar (p & 8804; 1.76x10-14) to the fertilization treatment. Concrete tanks with fertilization management without feeding were similar to the mixed treatment (p & 8804; 1.38x10-7); however, during the first week of external larvae production, the growth performance under fertilization treatment was superior to the others. Food management in excavated tanks, when compared to the same management performed in concrete tanks, registered higher averages for the productive variables of C. macropomum cultivated at the density of 200 post-larvae m-2 in all evaluated food strategies. It was verified that post-larvae of C. macropomum did not develop well in the first weeks of life when receiving only formulated diets. The increase in natural food availability through fertilization positively influenced the performance of the species, which can remain without feeding until the second week of life.

Occurrence of Arcellidae (Amorphea, Arcellinida) in a coastal stream in the State of Rio de Janeiro

The aim of this study was to elaborate a taxonomic survey on the testate amoebae of the Family Arcellidaein coastal streams in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Six samplingswere conducted in Ubatiba coastal stream (Maricá, RJ). In total, 130 liters water were filtered through a conical net of 60-μm mesh and preserved in 4% formalin. Organisms were identified with the aid of an inverted trinocular microscope. The morphological characteristics (lobose testate amoebae with shell composed of granular chitinoid elements) of each species were recorded. The species were described and illustrated. For the verification of new taxa records of Arcellidae in Rio de Janeiro and their distribution in Brazil, a search based on indexarticles by Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the keywords "tecamebas", "testate amoebae", "Arcella", "Arcellidae", "Brazil" and "Rio de Janeiro", was performed. Eight Arcellidaespecies were recorded. Some ecological and taxonomic information was provided. Due to the small amount of information on testate amoebae, this study is important because it reduces the knowledge gap regarding this community in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, we suggest new studies on species identification to be conducted to expand regional knowledge about these organisms.

Occurrence of concavities on the lorica of two species of Testudinella (Rotifera, Monogononta, Testudinellidae) / Ocorrência de concavidades na lórica de duas espécies de Testudinella (Rotifera, Monogononta, Testudinellidae)

Abstract: Testudinella is a taxon of Rotifera broadly distributed in Brazil. In a recent collection in marginal lakes connected to the Paranapanema River (São Paulo, Brazil), we found specimens of Testudinella mucronata and T. patina with concavities on their lorica. The objective of this study was to describe the concavities observed in individuals of both species and discuss their possible causes. Plankton samples were collected at two sampling stations, in the pelagic (PZ) and littoral (LZ) zones of the Panema and Coqueiral lakes; both of these lakes are ultra-oligotrophic and not polluted. For T. mucronata, 4% of individuals with concavities were found in the PZ of Coqueiral lake and 50% in the LZ of Panema lake. In T. patina, the proportion of specimens with concavities corresponded to 34% in the LZ of Panema lake and 17% in PZ of Coqueiral lake. In this study, we discussed that low water temperatures, predation events and/or recent hatching are factors that may justify the concavities in the lorica of specimens of our work.

Resumo: Testudinella é um táxon de Rotifera amplamente distribuído no Brasil. Em recentes coletas em lagos marginais conectados ao rio Paranapanema (São Paulo, Brasil), nós encontramos espécimes de Testudinella mucronata e T. patina com concavidades em suas lóricas. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as concavidades observadas em indivíduos de ambas as espécies e discutir suas possíveis causas. Amostras de plâncton foram coletadas em duas estações de amostragem, na zona pelágica (PZ) e litorânea (LZ) dos lagos Panema e Coqueiral; ambos os lagos são ultra-oligotróficos e não poluídos. Para T. mucronata, 4% dos indivíduos com concavidades foram encontrados na PZ do lago Coqueiral e 50% na LZ do lago Panema. Em T. patina, a proporção de espécimes com concavidades correspondeu a 34% na LZ do lago Panema e 17% na PZ do lago Coqueiral. Nesse estudo, nós sugerimos que baixas temperaturas da água, eventos de predação e/ou recente eclosão são fatores que podem justificar as concavidades na lórica dos espécimes do nosso trabalho.

Common and Rare Taxa of Planktonic Ciliates: Influence of Flood Events and Biogeographic Patterns in Neotropical Floodplains.

After much discussion about the cosmopolitan nature of microbes, the great issue nowadays is to identify at which spatial extent microorganisms may display biogeographic patterns and if temporal variation is important in altering those patterns. Here, planktonic ciliates were sampled from shallow lakes of four Neotropical floodplains, distributed over a spatial extent of ca. 3000 km, during high and low water periods, along with several abiotic and biotic variables potentially affecting the ciliate community. We found that common ciliate species were more associated with environmental gradients and rare species were more related to spatial variables; however, this pattern seemed to change depending on the temporal and spatial scales considered. Environmental gradients were more important in the high waters for both common and rare species. In low waters, common species continued to be mainly driven by environmental conditions, but rare species were more associated with the spatial component, suggesting dispersal limitation likely due to differences in dispersal ability and ecological tolerance of species. We also found that common and rare species were related to different environmental variables, suggesting different ecological niches. At the largest spatial extents, rare species showed clear biogeographic patterns.

Relationships between environmental conditions and the morphological variability of planktonic testate amoeba in four neotropical floodplains.

Planktonic testate amoebae in floodplains exhibit a broad-range of morphological variability. The variation size is already known, but it is necessary to know how this is for morphological variables. This study aimed to identify the relationships between testate amoebae morphology and environmental factors in four neotropical floodplains. We conducted detailed morphometric analyses on 27 common species of planktonic testate amoebae from genera Arcella, Centropyxis, Cucurbitella, Suiadifflugia, Difflugia, Lesquereusia and Netzelia. We sampled subsurface water from each lake in 72 lakes in four Brazilian floodplain lakes. Our goals were to assess: (1) the range of their morphological variability (a) over space within each floodplain, and (b) among the four floodplains, and (c) over time, and (2) which environmental factors explained this variation. Mean shell height and breadth varied considerably among the different floodplain lakes, especially in the Pantanal and Amazonian floodplains. The morphological variability of testate amoeba was correlated to environmental conditions (ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, temperature, and depth). Thus, understanding the morphological variation of the testate amoeba species can elucidate many questions involving the ecology of these organisms. Furthermore, could help molecular studies, bioindicator role of these organisations, environmental reconstruction, among others.

Anthropogenic disturbances influencing ciliate functional feeding groups in impacted tropical streams.

Anthropogenic disturbances change the trophic structure of streams, ultimately affecting ecosystem functioning. We investigated the effects of human disturbances, mainly organic pollution, on ciliate functional feeding groups (FFG) in 10 tropical streams near agricultural and urban habitats, in the dry and rainy seasons. We hypothesised that the organic pollution would affect the ciliate composition and that the richness and abundance of ciliate FFG would be associated with different disturbances, such that an increase in the load of organic matter would result in an increase in the percentage of bacterivores ciliates, while streams with low organic matter concentration and wide canopy openness will determine a higher contribution of algivorous ciliates. Our results corroborate our hypothesis of an increased development of bacterivorous ciliates with increasing organic pollution, but only in the abundance of this FFG. Also, algivorous ciliates were found to be related to riparian vegetation clearing. Thus, ciliate FFG accurately reflected different anthropogenic disturbances, revealing a change in the trophic structure of the streams. In addition, we found that organic pollution can lead to both taxonomic and functional homogenization of the ciliate community, which implies serious consequences for ecosystem functioning.

An annotated checklist of the Arcella (Arcellidae) from littoral zone of Paranoá lake-Brazil, with a pictorial key / Checklist comentada de Arcella (Arcellidae) da região litorânea do lago Paranoá, Brasil, com uma chave pictórica

The pictorial key contributes to taxonomic analysis, as it lists the species found in a given environment, and points out the morphological characteristics that differs one specific taxon from the others. Arcellidae Ehrenberg, 1830 is one of the testate amoebae families with highest representativity in terms of richness and abundance, including three genera, that Arcella shows greater dispersion in different types of aquatic biotopes. The zooplankton community in the Paranoá Lake has been extensively studied over the decades. However, there are no studies on testate amoebae in this environment. The study aimed to develop a pictorial key to help in the identification of Arcella in the Paranoá Lake. Samples were taken with plankton net at 13 sites in the littoral zone of the lake. The elaboration of the key was based on morphological characteristics of the shell and pseudostoma of the individuals. There were identified 23 taxa, 16 species and seven subspecies. Two species with low incidence in Brazil were recorded (Arcella catinus and Arcella rota). The species richness was higher than the records published to date in Brazil, thus demonstrating the relevance of the data and the applicability of this pictorial key in other studies both in the Paranoá Lake, as in other regions.

A chave pictórica apresenta -se como uma ferramenta que contribui para análise taxonômica, pois além de apresentar uma listagem de espécies encontradas em determinado ambiente, pontua os caracteres morfológicos que difere um táxon específico dos demais. Arcellidae Ehrenberg, 1830 é considerada uma das famílias de amebas testáceas com maior representatividade em termos de riqueza e abundância, abrangendo três gêneros, dos quais, Arcella apresenta maior distribuição em diferentes tipos de biótopos aquáticos. O lago Paranoá tem sido foco de diversos trabalhos sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica. Entretanto, não há publicações com as amebas testáceas naquele ambiente. O presente estudo objetivou elaborar uma chave pictórica para auxiliar na identificação de Arcella para o lago Paranoá. Foram coletadas amostras em 13 pontos da região litorânea do lago, com rede de plâncton. A construção da chave baseou-se em características morfológicas da carapaça e do pseudostoma dos organismos. Foram identificados 23 táxons, 16 espécies e sete subespécies. Observou-se o registro de espécies com pouca incidência no Brasil (Arcella catinus e Arcella rota). A riqueza foi superior aos registros publicados até o momento para o Brasil, evidenciando, assim, a relevância dos dados encontrados e a aplicabilidade desta chave pictórica em outros estudos tanto no lago Paranoá, como em outras regiões.

Rotifer community structure along a stretch under the influence of dams in the Upper Paraná River floodplain / Estrutura da comunidade de rotíferos ao longo de um trecho sob a influência de barragens na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná

The construction of reservoirs imposes substantial impact on freshwater ecosystems and changes the ecological aspects of the lotic system downstream of dams. We hypothesized an increasing dissimilarity between communities in the sampling sites according to increasing distance from the Porto Primavera Dam. In addition, we expect that the rotifer community in the last sampling site will be influenced more by environmental variables related to trophic status. Samplings were conducted under the water surface of ten sites on the Paraná River in August 2013. Environmental variables were also determined. The highest number of taxa belonged to families Brachionidae, Lecanidae and Trichocercidae. The most abundant species was observed to Synchaeta oblonga, Keratella cochlearis, Brachionus calyciflorus. The species dissimilarity between sampling sites, tested using the Sorensen index, showed high dissimilarity between sampling sites. Redundancy analysis indicated a significant relationship between environmental variables (total phosphorus and ammonia) and abundance of Brachionus calyciflorus and Keratella cochlearis, in the last sampling site. Our results suggest a greater dissimilarity between the rotifer communities according to increasing distance from the Porto Primavera Dam. In addition, a higher influence of the environmental variables related to trophic conditions was observed in the last sampling site, and influenced indirectly the occurrence and abundance of some rotifer species, due to increased availability of food resources, confirming the predicted hypothesis.

A construção de reservatórios impõe considerável impacto sobre os ecossistemas de água doce e altera os aspectos ecológicos do sistema lótico a jusante das barragens. A hipótese foi que ocorrerá maior dissimilaridade entre as comunidades nos pontos amostrados à medida que se afastam da barragem de Porto Primavera. Espera-se, ainda, que a comunidade de rotíferos do último ponto de amostragem seja mais influenciada pelas variáveis ambientais relacionadas à trofia. As amostragens foram realizadas à subsuperfície da região pelágica em dez pontos no rio Paraná no mês de agosto de 2013. As espécies mais abundantes foram Synchaeta oblonga, Keratella cochlearis, Brachionus calyciflorus. As variáveis ambientais também foram determinadas. O maior número de táxons registrados pertenceu às famílias Brachionidae, Lecanidae e Trichocercidae. A similaridade da composição de espécies calculada de acordo com o índice de Sorensen registrou elevada dissimilaridade entre os pontos amostrados. A análise de redundância constatou a relação significativa entre as variáveis ambientais (fósforo total e amônia) e a abundância de Brachionus calyciflorus e Keratella cochlearis, no último ponto de amostragem. Nossos resultados sugerem que ocorreu maior dissimilaridade entre as comunidades de rotíferos à medida que se afastam da barragem de Porto Primavera. Além disso, foi observada maior influência das variáveis ambientais relacionadas às condições tróficas no último ponto de amostragem, e influenciou indiretamente a ocorrência e abundância das espécies de rotíferos, por causa do aumento da disponibilidade de recursos alimentares, corroborando com a hipótese predita.

The role of microorganisms in a planktonic food web of a floodplain lake.

Food webs include complex ecological interactions that define the flow of matter and energy, and are fundamental in understanding the functioning of an ecosystem. Temporal variations in the densities of communities belonging to the planktonic food web (i.e., microbial: bacteria, flagellate, and ciliate; and grazing: zooplankton and phytoplankton) were investigated, aiming to clarify the interactions between these organisms and the dynamics of the planktonic food web in a floodplain lake. We hypothesized that hydrological pulse determines the path of matter and energy flow through the planktonic food web of this floodplain lake. Data were collected monthly from March 2007 to February 2008 at three different sites in Guaraná Lake (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil). The path analysis provided evidence that the dynamics of the planktonic food web was strongly influenced by the hydrological pulse. The high-water period favored interactions among the organisms of the microbial loop, rather than their relationships with zooplankton and phytoplankton. Therefore, in this period, the strong interaction among the organisms of the grazing food chain suggests that the microbial loop functions as a sink of matter and energy. In turn, in the low-water period, higher primary productivity appeared to favor different interactions between the components of the grazing food chain and microorganisms, which would function as a link to the higher trophic levels.

Planktonic heterotrophic nanoflagellate abundance along a trophic gradient in subtropical reservoirs: influence of a bottom-up or top-down control mechanism? / Abundância de nanoflagelados heterotróficos ao longo de um gradiente trófico em reservatórios tropicais: influência do mecanismo de controle bottom-up ou top-down?

The aim of the current study was to assess the variability in heterotrophic nanoflagellate abundance attributable to variables responsible for the influence of bottom-up and top-down control mechanisms in the plankton food web along a trophic gradient in subtropical reservoirs (Paraná State, Brazil). In particular, we hypothesised that food resources were the main determinant for the abundance of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) along a trophic gradient. Results showed that HNF communities were weakly influenced by the bottom-up mechanism. Moreover, there was evidence of a slight influence from a top-down control mechanism on this community. Therefore, the results of the present study did not corroborate the hypothesis initially proposed, and further studies are needed to elucidate the complex outcomes of trophic gradients on planktonic HNF communities, including other predictor variables related to abiotic interactions, such as morphometrics, hydrology, priorities uses and climate conditions.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a variabilidade da abundância de nanoflagelados heterotróficos (NFH) planctônicos atribuída a variáveis responsáveis pela influencia dos mecanismos de controle bottom-up e top-down na cadeia alimentar planctônica ao longo de um gradiente trófico em reservatórios subtropicais (Estado do Paraná, Brasil). Nós avaliamos a hipótese de que a abundância de NFH aumenta ao longo de um gradiente trófico principalmente devido ao efeito bottom-up. Os resultados mostraram importantes relações presa-predador entre NFH e bactéria e fioplâncton. Entretanto, a ausência de um padrão claro de aumento da abundância de NFH em direção aos reservatórios eutróficos sugere que o controle bottom-up não foi relacionado ao gradiente trófico. Além disso, apesar de significante, um fraco efeito bottom-up e um sinal do mecanismo de controle top-down sugerem que o recurso alimentar não foi o principal fator regulador da dinâmica de NFH nos reservatórios estudados. Assim, os resultados do presente estudo não corroboraram a hipótese inicialmente proposta e futuros estudos são necessários para elucidar a complexidade da influencia de gradientes tróficos em NFH, incluindo outras variáveis preditoras relacionadas às interações abióticas como morfometria, hidrologia, prioridade de uso e condições climáticas.

Structure of planktonic ciliates community (Protist, Ciliophora) from an urban lake of southern Brazil / Estrutura da comunidade de ciliados planctônicos (Protista, Ciliophora) de um lago urbano do Sul do Brasil

This study examined temporal and spatial (vertical) variations of composition, richness and abundance of the planktonic ciliates community in an urban and eutrophic lake, as well as identified the limnological factors involved in determining the patterns observed. To this end, samples of ciliates and measures of limnological variables were taken at different depths and hydrological periods. 35 ciliate species were identified, among which 14 species occurred in all periods and strata, being Prostomatida the most specious, followed by Gymnostomatida, Oligotrichida, Peritrichida, and Scuticociliatida. The patterns found for composition, abundance and species richness evidenced a vertical and temporal variation of these attributes. However, in general the composition and species richness have varied more along the vertical gradient than between periods, whereas for the abundance, only temporal differences could be detected. Results observed herein indicated that benthic species seem to be mainly influenced by the amount of organic matter, phosphorus and ammonia, while planktonic ones, abundant at the surface, were mainly associated with higher dissolved oxygen concentrations. In this way, seasonal and vertical variations of limnological characteristics were decisive for the patterns of occurrence and abundance of ciliate species.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar as variações temporais e espaciais (vertical) da composição, riqueza de espécies e abundância da comunidade de ciliados planctônicos em um lago urbano, eutrófico, e identificar alguns fatores limnológicos intervenientes na determinação dos padrões observados. Para tal, amostras de ciliados, bem como as mensurações das variáveis limnológicas foram obtidas em diferentes profundidades e períodos hidrológicos. Trinta e cinco espécies de ciliados foram identificadas, das quais 14 ocorreram em ambos os períodos e estratos. Prostomatida foi a ordem com maior número de espécies, seguida por Gymnostomatida, Oligotrichida, Peritrichida e Scuticociliatida. A composição e riqueza de espécies, em geral, variaram mais verticalmente que temporalmente, enquanto que para a abundância, diferenças foram observadas apenas entre os períodos hidrológicos Os resultados indicaram que espécies bentônicas parecem ser influenciadas principalmente pela quantidade de matéria orgânica, fósforo total e amônia, enquanto que as espécies planctônicas, abundantes na superfície, estiveram principalmente associadas com as maiores concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido. Desta forma, as variações sazonais e verticais das características limnológicas foram decisivas na determinação dos padrões de ocorrência e abundância de espécies de ciliados.

Advances in studies on testate amoebae (Arcellinida and Euglyphida): a scientometric approach / Avanços nos estudos sobre amebas testáceas (Arcellinida e Euglyphida): uma abordagem cienciométrica

Testate amoebae have a great potential for use in scientific researches due to their ecological characteristics such as abundance, wealth, and generation time. In this way, this study aimed to present a scientometric analysis to describe the evolution of the different advances in researches on testate amoebae and identify a temporal pattern in this evolution. The literature review was based on papers indexed by Thomson Reuters (www.isiwebofknowledge.com) and SciVerse Scopus (www.scopus.com). In total 562 papers were examined. Results showed a pattern of evolution in scientific studies, most with ecological approach with descriptive and predictive designs. At the global level, researches on testate amoebae progressed in both the number of articles published as well as in the areas studied, especially in Europe and North America. The low number of experimental studies and review articles can characterize the lack of more knowledge to be acquired, both from particular observations (descriptive studies) as well as the observations noted sufficiently predictive of work. In Brazil, studies with testate amoebae are still developing, concentrated in only some regions, but the increased number of studies in recent years allows the prediction of the same overall patterns of advance for Brazilian researches. Thus, we conclude that these organisms are being increasingly used as a tool response in ecological studies.

Amebas testáceas possuem grande potencial de utilização em pesquisas de caráter científico pelas suas características ecológicas como abundância, riqueza, e tempo de geração. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi apresentar uma análise cienciométrica, a fim de descrever a evolução das diferentes abordagens nas pesquisas de tecamebas e identificar um padrão temporal nessa evolução. A revisão dos artigos científicos foi realizada com base nos artigos indexados pela base Thomson Reuters (www.isiwebofknowledge.com) e pela base SciVerse Scopus (www.scopus.com). Foram analisados 562 artigos científicos. Os resultados demonstraram um padrão de evolução nos trabalhos científicos, sendo a maioria de cunho ecológico com delineamentos descritivos e preditivos. Em âmbito global, as pesquisas com tecamebas apresentaram evolução tanto no número de artigos publicados bem como nas áreas estudadas, principalmente na Europa e América do Norte. O baixo número de trabalhos experimentais e de revisão pode caracterizar a falta de maiores conhecimentos a serem ainda adquiridos, tanto a partir das observações particulares (trabalhos descritivos) bem como das observações suficientemente constatadas dos trabalhos preditivos. No Brasil, as pesquisas com amebas testáceas ainda estão em processo de desenvolvimento, concentradas em apenas algumas regiões. Entretanto, o aumento no número de publicações nos últimos anos possibilita a previsão dos mesmos padrões de evolução globais para as pesquisas brasileiras. Assim, é possível concluir que esses organismos estão sendo cada vez mais utilizados como ferramenta resposta nos estudos ecológicos.

Flagellate protist abundance in phytotelmata of Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae) in the upper Paraná river basin / Abundância de protozoários flagelados em fitotelmata de Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae) na bacia do alto rio Paraná

In some Bromeliaceae species the leaf sheaths form a tank or phytotelma, accumulating water and organic detritus, conditions that allow the establishment of different communities. Thus, this study evaluated the relationship between diameter and volume of water in the tank of the bromeliad Aechmea distichantha Lem. and density of flagellates found in the phytotelmata, as well as the influence of the hydrological periods and proximity of sampled strata on the phytotelma patterns of abundance distribution. Samplings were conducted in two hydrological periods in 2010. In each sampling, four plants were collected from three different strata, classified according to the distance from the river level. A one-way ANOVA identified significant differences in flagellate density between hydrological periods. The influence of the water volume in the phytotelmata on the flagellate density was evidenced by regression analyses, as well as the lack of relationship between the density and perimeter of the tank. Moreover, the distance of the strata from the river level did not influence the pattern of flagellate abundance. Thus, our results suggested that the hydrological period and the volume of water in the tanks of Aechmea distichantha are determinant on the abundance of heterotrophic flagellate in the phytotelmata.

Em algumas Bromeliaceae as bainhas foliares formam uma cisterna ou fitotelma, onde ocorre acúmulo de água e detritos orgânicos, que permitem o estabelecimento de diferentes comunidades. Assim, este estudo avaliou a relação entre o diâmetro e volume de água no tanque de Aechmea distichantha Lem. e a abundância de flagelados encontrados nestes fitotelmata, bem como a influência do período hidrológico e a proximidade dos estratos amostrados sobre os padrões de distribuição desse atributo. As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos hidrológicos no ano de 2010. Foram coletadas quatro plantas em três estratos diferentes de acordo com a distância em relação ao rio. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre a densidade dos flagelados e os períodos hidrológicos. Além disso, verificou-se a influência do volume de água presente nos fitotelmata sobre a densidade dos flagelados, bem como a ausência de relação entre a densidade desses protistas e o perímetro do tanque das bromélias. A distância dos distintos estratos em relação ao rio não influenciou a abundância dos flagelados. Assim, os resultados sugerem que o período hidrológico bem como o volume de água presente nos tanques de Aechmea distichantha atuam como um fator determinante sobre a abundância da comunidade de flagelados heterotróficos nos fitotelmata.

Passive zooplankton community in different environments of a neotropical floodplain / Comunidade zooplanctônica passiva em diferentes ambientes de uma planície de inundação neotropical

Zooplankton is able to respond promptly to environmental changes, producing resting forms in order to maintain populations when the conditions become unfavorable. The hatchling of the resting eggs was assessed in environments from the upper Paraná river floodplain, during the limnophase of 2008. We predicted that a higher production of these eggs and individuals' hatchling are observed at isolated lakes, during dried period. Sediment samples were obtained with a corer sampler. The resting eggs were sorted and kept in filtered water from the same environment, in the laboratory. We recorded the occurrence of 378 resting eggs, of which 122 individuals hatched (70 cladocerans and 52 rotifers). The highest number of hatchlings was verified for the isolated lakes (84 individuals), as well the shorter time for hatchling (2 days). The hatchlings occurred mainly in September, when we registered the lowest hydrologic level of Paraná river (2.40 m). Grimaldina brazzai presented the longest time for hatchling, 44 days; and Brachionus dolabratus and B. falcatus, the shortest time, 2 days. This result suggests that the longer residence time of the water, which did not allow a renewal of food resources and limnological conditions of the environment, caused a higher stress in the zooplankton.

O zooplâncton é capaz de responder prontamente às mudanças das condições ambientais produzindo formas de resistência, a fim de manter as populações quando essas condições se tornam desfavoráveis. A eclosão dos ovos resistência foi avaliada em diferentes ambientes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, no período de limnofase em 2008. Foi pressuposto que ocorre uma maior produção desses ovos e de eclosões dos indivíduos nas lagoas fechadas, no período mais seco. As amostras do sedimento foram obtidas com um amostrador do tipo "corer". Os ovos de resistência foram triados e mantidos na própria água do ambiente filtrada, em temperatura ambiente. Foram triados 378 ovos de resistência, dos quais eclodiram 122 indivíduos (70 cladóceros e 52 rotíferos). Uma maior eclosão (91 indivíduos), e em um menor tempo (2 dias), foram observados nas lagoas fechadas. As eclosões ocorreram principalmente em setembro, quando o nível hidrológico do rio Paraná foi menor (2,40 m). Grimaldina brazzai apresentou o maior tempo de eclosão, 44 dias; e Brachionus dolabratus e B. falcatus, o menor tempo, 2 dias. Esse resultado sugere que o elevado tempo de residência da água, que não propiciou uma renovação dos recursos alimentares e das condições limnológicas no ambiente, foi o fator de estresse para o zooplâncton.

Size structure of testate amoebae (Arcellinida and Euglyphida) in different habitats from a lake in the upper Paraná River floodplain.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the size structure of testate amoebae in distinct habitats, i.e. plankton, aquatic macrophytes and aquatic sediment. The samples were taken from a floodplain lake of the upper Paraná River. The assumptions we strived to scrutinize were that (i) larger mean sizes of testate amoebae would be recorded in the sediment of the lake; and (ii) temporally, smaller individuals would be registered during the high water period in all habitats. The sampling was done monthly, from April 2007 to March 2008, in triplicates for each habitat. Testate amoebae were represented by individuals sized between 20 and 400 µm. The smaller individuals predominated in plankton samples, while in the aquatic sediment the larger ones were chiefly represented. These differences were probably associated with metabolic activities, i.e. the energy needs of these unicellular organisms, in each habitat. Two-way ANOVA yielded significant differences between hydrological periods. During the high water period, the increase in rainfall and consequently in water flow, decreased the stability of the system and increased turbulence and water column circulation. Therefore, environmental stability seems to be one of the main factors driving the temporal variation in the size structure of these specific organisms.

Species richness of testate amoebae in different environments from the upper Paraná river floodplain (PR/MS) / Riqueza de amebas testáceas em diferentes ambientes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná (PR/MS)

This study evaluated the species richness of testate amoebae in the plankton from different environments of the upper Paraná river floodplain. Samplings were performed at subsurface of pelagic region from twelve environments using motorized pump and plankton net (68 m), during four hydrological periods. We identified 67 taxa, distributed in seven families and Arcellidae, Difflugiidae and Centropyxidae were the most representative families. Higher values of species richness were observed in the lakes (connected and isolated) during the flood pulses. Centropyxis aculeata, Difflugia gramem and D. pseudogramem were frequent throughout the study period. Seasonal variability of species in the channels and isolated lakes was evidenced by beta diversity. Besides that, in the rivers, extreme changes in species composition were verified during the high-water period. Our results highlight the importance of the present study to improve the knowledge about the diversity and geographic distribution of these organisms in Brazil and emphasize the importance of current flow in the displacement of testate amoebae from their preferred habitats, marginal vegetation and sediment.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a riqueza de táxons de amebas testáceas no plâncton de diferentes ambientes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Foram amostrados 12 pontos da região pelágica em diferentes ambientes (rios, canais e lagoas) e em quatro períodos hidrológicos. Foram identificados 67 táxons, distribuídos em sete famílias. Arcellidae, Difflugiidae e Centropyxidae foram as famílias mais especiosas. Nas lagoas (abertas e fechadas), durante os pulsos de inundação, foram observados os maiores valores para a riqueza de espécies. Centropyxis aculeata, Difflugia gramem e D. pseudogramem foram frequentes durante todo o período estudado. Os dados obtidos pela diversidade beta evidenciaram a variabilidade sazonal das espécies nos canais e lagoas fechadas. Nos rios, as alterações ocorreram com maior intensidade no período de cheia. Os resultados ressaltam a importância desse estudo para o acréscimo do conhecimento sobre a diversidade e distribuição geográfica desses organismos no Brasil e ratifica a importância do fluxo de corrente no carreamento de amebas testáceas de seus hábitats preferenciais, vegetação marginal e sedimento.

Ciliate community associated with aquatic macrophyte roots: effects of nutrient enrichment on the community composition and species richness.

The objective of this study was to identify the impact of nutrient enrichment on the diversity of the ciliate community associated with the roots of the aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes. The experiment was performed in the Garças Lake, located in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. We conducted two treatments (fertilized and control) with three replicates each. To increase the initial nutrient concentrations in each mesocosm of the fertilized treatment, we added 1000 µgL(-1) of KNO(3) and 200 µgL(-1) of KH(2)PO(4) during each sampling date. We found a relative high number of ciliate species (85 species) and a predominance of hypotrichs. Among the recorded species, about 25% occurred exclusively in the fertilized treatment. Moreover, detrended correspondence analysis demonstrated that the ciliate community associated with E. crassipes roots changed significantly in response to the nutrient input in such a way that the species composition of the fertilized treatment was remarkably different from that of the control. In contrast to our expectations, species richness in the fertilized treatment was significantly higher than that in the control, refuting our hypothesis that species richness decreases under eutrophic conditions.

Biodiversity of testate amoebae (Arcellinida and Euglyphida) in different habitats of a lake in the Upper Paraná River floodplain.

This study aimed to investigate the testate amoebae (Arcellinida and Eugliphida) species diversity in plankton, macrophytes and aquatic sediment samples from a shallow lake of the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Samples were carried out from April 2007 to March 2008. We recorded 89 taxa, belonging to 10 families. Eighty-two taxa were found in the aquatic sediment, 71 in the macrophytes and 53 in the plankton. Highest values of alpha diversity were observed in the aquatic sediment. Although the plankton had the highest number of accidental species, accessory and constant species were also observed in this habitat. Most of the species classified as constant for the plankton belonged to the genus Arcella. Most of the constant species in the macrophytes and aquatic sediment belonged to the genus Difflugia. This study supports the idea that the presence of these protists in the plankton should not be attributed only to stochastic processes because (i) the species diversity recorded in this habitat was remarkably high in relation to the total biodiversity of the lake, and (ii) we also recorded frequent and constant species in the plankton.